Le djèliya est une fonction sociale exercée par ceux qu’on appelle les djèli au sein des communautés mandingues d’Afrique Occidentale. Cette fonction est très vaste, car les djèli sont à la fois les détenteurs de l’histoire et de la tradition orale, des médiateurs sociaux et politiques au sein de leurs communautés, en plus d’être aussi des artistes musiciens. Le rôle des djèli au sein de la société et de la communauté mandingue est très ancien et il trouve son « institutionnalisation » déjà dans la Charte du Manden du XIII siècle. Dans la langue française on utilise couramment le mot griot pour designer les djèli et le terme griotisme pour designer leur fonction.
Les familles qui détiennent le rôle de djèli au sein de la communauté mandingue ont été proclamées par Soundjata Keita pendant la conférence de Kurukan Fuga de 1236. Les Kouyaté, les Cissokho et les Diabaté sont les familles les plus connues, bien qu’il en existe d’autres. Toute personne qui nait dans une famille griotte devient un djèli (djèlimousso pour les femmes), mais certains peuvent décider de ne pas faire de la djèliya leur métier.
Le griot historien et généalogiste
« Le griot est un troubadour, qui est vraiment la mémoire du peuple. C’est les griots qui détiennent toute la tradition, ce qui a été dit et qui n’a pas été écrit. C’est très important : ce qui n’a pas été écrit doit être retenu, et ce qui a été fait dans l’histoire comme événement heureux ou malheureux. Pour préparer le future » Pedro Kouyaté
Le djèli est tout d’abord le détenteur de la tradition orale du peuple manding. Il transmet l’histoire de son peuple, qui n’a jamais été écrite. Dans les récits des djèli, cette histoire prend la forme de maana (épopée), où la vérité historique se mêle à des éléments mythiques. Le maana le plus important est sans doute l’épopée de Soundjata qui aborde l’histoire de la fondation de l’Empire du Mali. Vue la nature orale de ce type de compositions, il existe d’innombrables versions de l’épopée de Soundjata. On peut aller jusqu’à affirmer que chaque griot a sa propre version de cette histoire.
Une autre fonction très importante du griot est celle de généalogiste. Dans la mesure où chaque griot est lié à une famille noble, il lui revient le rôle de réciter des louanges (fasa) à propos de cette famille afin de la magnifier. De ce point de vue, les griots ont une pratique courante de mémorisation des événements passés dans les familles. D’un autre point de vue, le fait même de perpétuer les épisodes épiques des familles est ce qui contribue à pérenniser la structure sociale de la société mandingue.
Pour acquérir les connaissances nécessaires afin d’accomplir leur rôle en tant qu’historiens et généalogistes, les djèli reçoivent une formation rigoureuse qui commence d’abord dans le cadre familial, ensuite dans le village et ailleurs. En effet, dès son plus jeune âge le griot observe et imite ses parents. Comme eux, il chante, il lance les louanges et joue éventuellement de la musique. Dès qu’il estime avoir acquis auprès de ses maîtres toutes les connaissances qu’il peut en tirer, il fait le tour du Manden pour aller suivre les enseignements d’autres grands maîtres de la parole.
Le griot médiateur social et politique
« Le griot est le sang. Si la société est considérée comme le corps humain, le griot est le sang qui fait fonctionner ce corps humain. » Pedro Kouyaté
Autre temps, le griot était toujours associé à la Cour royale, il était un conseiller et médiateur politique qui intervenait dans les décisions du Roi. Les exemples les plus donnés sont l’intervention des griots dans la résolution des conflits internationaux entre différents peuples. Ils agissent alors comme de vrais ambassadeurs de la paix. De nous jours, il lui est toujours reconnue une vraie autorité moral. C’est en se servant des valeurs communes que le griot construira un récit grâce auquel il pourra mettre en pratique des manières de dissuasion ou de consensus, aidant grâce à la parole, a réconcilier et/ou faire accepter certains événements de la vie sociale.
A l’échelle de sa communauté, sa place est centrale dans le déroulement de la majorité des rites de passages: mariage, baptême, funérailles. Il conseille les parents dans le choix d’un nouveau prénom pour les nouveaux nés ; il introduit les familles respectives des futurs mariés ; il anime également les mariages ; il récite des louanges en l’honneur de la personne décédée, etc. Il peut par ailleurs servir comme un conseiller spirituel lors des moments de conflit chez les personnes. Ce rôle de « guide » moral auquel les personnes font appel permet par exemple de régler des disputes intra-familiales, entre mari et femme, entre pères et enfants ou même entre frères et sœurs.
Le griot artiste-musicien
« Moi j’ai fait aussi des morceaux sur la migration. J’ai utilisé aussi Baudelaire. ( Il chante : ) – Le fond de l’inconnu… pour trouver du nouveau, nous tous voulons partir ailleurs, là-bas on dit que l’argent pousse sur les trottoirs. Comme il n’y a rien chez nous, on n’a rien à perdre. Un jour on laisse tout pour un nouveau voyage, où chaque instant tout peut basculer dans l’autre sens. Sous des cargos, pas de papiers, coffres de voiture, et passe et repasse… contrôle de police… arrivé à Babylon, à l’Eldorado… tu deviens clandestin, sans-papier, sans un sous et la vie est sombre, le monde étroit… – » Djeour Sissokho
La musique était autrefois un apanage des familles griottes. La pratique des instruments traditionnels était transmise de père en fils de la même manière que la tradition orale. Les chants et récits des griots sont souvent accompagnés d’instruments traditionnels spécifiques. Le n’tama qui est un instrument de percussion qui servait pour attirer l’attention des passants dans les rues ; le balafon, qui est l’équivalent d’un xylophone, mais en bois ; le karignan, un instrument métallique qui se gratte et qui sert à capter l’attention du publique ; le n’goni, un instrument à cordes pincées ; et la kora, un autre instrument à cordes, monté sur une calebasse et qui est sans doute le plus connu en Europe. Certains de ces instruments sont fabriqués par les griots mêmes, selon un savoir-faire traditionnel qui se transmet aussi de génération en génération au sein des familles.
Les chants des griots sont instructifs. Chaque griot est libre d’inventer et les chants peuvent être improvisés. Ils racontent la vie quotidienne, des histoires communes. C’est souvent les djèlimousso qui transforment en chant les discours des djèli qu’elles accompagnent. La chanson a le pouvoir aussi de donner de l’énergie, il existe des chants de guérison. D’autres chants racontent l’histoire, ou un événement en particulier. Ces chants sont par ailleurs les plus codifiés.
Le griotisme en Île-de-France
Depuis la première vague des années 1960, l’immigration de langue mandingue en provenance des différents pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest a continué sans cesse jusqu’à nos jours. Cette migration a porté à la création d’une communauté très nombreuse à Paris et en banlieue.
L’histoire des quatre dernières décennies montre que dans cette communauté, le rôle de la djèliya, loin de se réduire, s’est au contraire renforcé tout en évoluant sensiblement. Parmi les premièrs immigrés d’Afrique de l’Ouest, il y avait surement des représentants de quelques lignées de djèli, mais leur statut de griot n’était pas la motivation principale de leur migration et certains d’entre eux ne pratiquaient plus la djèliya une fois s’être établis en France. C’est surtout après 1980 que les liens entre la communauté mandingue immigrée et la djèliya vont se renforcer, soit sous la forme d’une immigration plus proprement griotte, soit sous la forme d’un va-et-vient plus ou moins régulier. La longue durée du séjour en terre étrangère de ceux qui appartenaient à la première génération de migrants créait un risque de perte identitaire et une nostalgie de la culture originelle. Cela a provoqué une demande de plus en plus forte de part de la communauté mandingue immigrée en région parisienne, qui s’est à plusieurs reprises mobilisée pour faire venir (au moins ponctuellement) des griots/griottes pour certaines grandes occasions.
Une autre raison qui a favorisé la migration des griots mandingues vers la région parisienne semble être la grande mode qu’a connue la musique africaine traditionnelle auprès du public occidental et français en particulier, dès la décennie 1980-90. Cet intérêt de la part d’un public non manding a certainement fonctionné comme un attrait pour les griots en Afrique, qui ont vu là la possibilité de développer en France une double activité: à la fois le rôle traditionnel d’historiens, généalogistes et médiateurs auprès de la communauté des compatriotes et celui d’artistes à destination d’un auditoire plus international.
Aujourd’hui, entre les pratiques traditionnelles transmises au sein de cette communauté, le griotisme occupe encore une place très importante. Grace à sa propre reproduction, le griotisme participe dans un sens plus large à la sauvegarde de l’histoire, des valeurs et de la culture mandingue. À partir du moment où un certain nombre de ces djèli se sont installés en Ile- de- France, leur présence a pu contribuer à renforcer le lien social entre les membres de la communauté et à favoriser ainsi les occasions de rencontres entre compatriotes, pendant les manifestations et célébrations organisées. Pour toutes ces raisons, la djèliya est à tout titre un Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel Francilien, grâce à la presence de la communauté mandingue issue de la migration internationale en région parisienne et aux efforts de sauvegarde mis en place par cette communauté.
Source;lle du Monde
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